The Scarlet Letter Persuasive Essay Example For Students

The Scarlet Letter Persuasive Essay Wheeler 1Jean WheelerMrs. SearbyAmerican Studies 315, Section 12 October 1998Undoubtedly our activities influence our awareness and regularly this ponders back our later activities. On the off chance that we accomplish something great we are generally glad and feeling great. Be that as it may, in the event that we accomplish something awful, we regularly think twice about it, indicating regret for it, and act to abstain from doing it once more. Be that as it may, mentally do we rebuff our selves? Provided that this is true, do we do it intentionally, or does our inner mind outwit us and begin to transform us? Piece by piece the blame will destroy us, transforming us genuinely and mentally, changing our collaborations with others, and our essential lifestyle. The Scarlet Letter relates how demonstrations of transgression and apology cause extraordinary mental changes which influence people groups physical appearance and conduct. We will compose a custom article on The Scarlet Letter Persuasive explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Hester Prynne trespassed once, however used to be sufficient to change her for an incredible remainder. Hester submitted infidelity with Reverend Dimmesdale and was rebuffed by the town, which made her wear a red An upon her garments and remain before the entire town on the framework. Hester likewise rebuffed herself. She confined herself from the town and apologized her wrongdoing for a mind-blowing remainder. Hesters self-caused discipline was a decent discipline, however. She conceded her wrongdoing and got it off her cognizant. She didn't attempt to conceal or run from her transgression, since she realized that she was unable to get away from it. She realized that the main way the wrongdoing would be expelled from her was with time and atonement. Wheeler 2Here, she said to herself, had been the area of her blame, and here ought to be the location of her natural discipline; thus, perchance, the torment of her day by day disgrace would finally cleanse her spirit, and work out anoth er immaculateness than that which she had lost; more holy person like, on account of the consequence of affliction. (Hawthorne 57)Later Hester leaves Boston with Pearl, however returns after Pearls union with atone her wrongdoing on the grounds that by and by she believes she can't get away from it. Due to this mental hindrance she puts on herself, Hester truly changes herself to fill the role of the heathen. Indeed, even the appeal of her individual had experienced a comparable change (113). She dressed herself in dull hues and shrouds her rich and lush hair (113). She put her heart into atoning her transgression, Hawthorne shows this through the red letter. Not a fasten in that weaved letter, however she has felt it in her heart (39). There are times where Hester feels hurt and thinks about leaving, however somewhere inside she realizes that she is a miscreant and she needs to atone for it. A major piece of her liberal character and the cooperations with others originates from how she sees herself and what she does about it. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale additionally trespassed be that as it may, not at all like Hester, he didn't get captured. Hesters character and attitude originates from having the option to share and atone her wrongdoing. Dimmesdale, then again, shrouds his wrongdoing for a long time. He is tormented by his inner voice and causes discipline upon himself. To atone he employs a wicked scourge to his shoulders, fasts until he gets powerless, and keeps himself up around evening time contemplating his transgression and the way that he is the explanation Hester has been rebuffed (101). Wheeler 3Throughout the book, Dimmesdales character intellectually gets more vulnerable and more fragile. This is incompletely because of him not having the option to completely atone his wrongdoing, yet in addition in view of Chillingworths tormenting him with his insight into the transgression. During the seven years after his wrongdoing Dimmesdale gets truly more vulnerable as well, he begins strolling more s low, looking more debilitated, and putting his band over his heart all the more frequently. His hand over his heart speaks to a red letter for him as well, just his is covered up on the grounds that he doesn't have the solidarity to admit. Hawthorne never really uncovers if there was really something over Dimmesdales heart, however in the event that there was, it was the impact of the ever-dynamic tooth of regret, biting from he deepest hear apparently (178). Dimmesdale never quite admitted to infidelity, he was excessively frail mentally. He hinted commonly and by implication state it, yet never said precisely. At the point when he kicked the bucket it finished his torment. He couldnt go on any more, staying quiet inside obliterated him genuinely. In The Scarlet Letter we see Hester and Reverend Dimmesdale experience monstrous physical and mental changes brought about by sins they had submitted, However, we see Roger Chillingworth change basically genuinely, yet mentally too in an enormous way. but since he trespassed by tormenting others. In the main depiction of Chillingworth he is marginally disfigured in one shoulder, however when of his passing he appeared to have withered away and nearly evaporated from mortal sight, similar to an evacuated weed that falsehoods shrinking in the sun (179). The entire reason for his life was the interest and methodical exercise of retribution on the man who wronged his better half (179). The more extended measure of time he has been pursuing and tormenting Dimmesdale, the more he Wheeler 4starts to look twisted, and the more he begins to think and act like Satan. Had a man seen old Roger Chillingworth, at that point of bliss, he would have had no compelling reason to ask how Satan comports himself, when a valuable human spirit is lost to paradise, and won into his realm (96-97). He takes care of his vitality off of seeking retribution on Dimmesdale and once Dimmesdale passes on he has no reason left to his life. He loses all his vitality, he get much increasingly distorted and in the long run passes on, never having apologized for his planned sin.Psychologically everybody winds up getting rebuffed for their sins.Hester was permitted to atone straightforwardly and her discipline was not as unforgiving in light of the fact that she admitted to it. Dimmesdale was not permitted to atone straightforwardly however realized that he had trespassed so his discipline was willful. Chillingworth was carefully rebuffed by higher forces since he simply kept purposely erring and wouldnt even mull over it. The mental discipline influences day by day life for the remainder of their lives, regardless of whether it is anything but a cognizant exertion. .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d , .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .postImageUrl , .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d , .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d:hover , .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d:visited , .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d:active { border:0!important; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d:active , .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d:hover { haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u7e49a1f6412441 dba06ba58c137bb50d .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u7e49a1f6412441dba06ba58c137bb50d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Key Events Leading to Revolutionary War EssayWheeler 5Works CitedHawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Four American Novels. New York: Harcourt, Brace World, Inc, 1959. 34-181.

The Time Back Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Time Back - Essay Example Michael never told anybody that he was checking the days, weeks, months and years without his mother’s nearness. It was as though by checking them, she was still here, still present. The unpleasant pleasantness of steady recognition took incredible hold of him and would not give up. He could smell her wherever around the house, her room despite everything possessed an aroma like her scent, despite the fact that uncle Rob and aunt Emma purged her storerooms and drawers. He preferred uncle Rob and aunt Emma. They were extremely pleasant to him, and having no offspring of their own, came to deal with him in the house where he used to live with his mom. He heard them state one time that it would be beneficial for him to remain in this house, in light of the fact that the move may make increasingly enthusiastic and mental harm to a multi year old kid. Furthermore, so they came and remained. Aunt Emma made the best chocolate chip treats on the planet, that was what even his mom admi tted to on a few events, while uncle Rob worked in a toy production line and would bring a little toy each week. Normally it was little vehicles, tractors, Rubik’s blocks and comparative. No one at any point referenced his dad. He took off before Michael was conceived, and his mom chose not to discuss him. All things considered, very little, that is. She was consistently amiable enough to respond to his inquiries of: Mommy, for what reason do John and Tim, and Bessie and Joanna have fathers and not me? She would take him in her lap and clarify that their father is elsewhere, that he had some significant business to deal with and that she didn't know he would be returning. In any case, that doesn't make Michael any unique in relation to John, Tim, Bessie, Joanna or any other person. Having quit wandering off in fantasy land, he tossed a little stone into the waterway and returned into the house to eat. The entire kitchen smelled delectably of chicken soup and meat, pound potat oes, new serving of mixed greens and for dessert, walnut pie. â€Å"Wash your hands, darling and afterward come have lunch,† auntie’s voice was delicate and pleasant, and in the event that he shut his eyes, he could envision his mom saying it. The two sisters consistently looked and sounded particularly similar. Having completed lunch, he was advised to go to his room and clean up a piece. His room was not a wreck, however in any case he was encouraged that an arranged psyche requires an arranged encompassing. He generally accepted his mom was the most intelligent individual on the planet. He began taking care of things, and afterward saw a heap of cards on the table. You don’t have a place here, senseless easily overlooked details, he grinned to himself. It was a heap of cards, which his auntie and uncle obtained every once in a while when they needed to interest themselves. Organizing the cards, he saw that one specific card was greater than all the others. He took it out and saw that it wasn’t a playing card by any stretch of the imagination. It was a business card which said â€Å"Need science help† with a telephone number. That's it. He figured it may be somebody searching for a collaborator. After a touch of thought and chatting with his uncle and auntie to check whether they would support, he chose to dial the number. He was constantly inspired by science and enjoyed realizing how stuff worked. Perhaps this was the individual to ask such things. They even permitted him to decide himself, obviously, they would assume him to the position. Joyfully, he dialed the number and tuned in to the telephone. Everything he could hear was quiet from the start, no ring

How Anxiety and Panic Attacks Differ

How Anxiety and Panic Attacks Differ Panic Disorder Symptoms Print Anxiety Attacks vs. Panic Attacks Differences include intensity and how long the attack lasts By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 10, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 More in Panic Disorder Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Clinical Differences Panic Attack Anxiety Treatment View All Back To Top You might hear the terms anxiety attack  and panic attack used interchangeably  as if they mean the same thing. In fact, panic and anxiety have different features, and behavioral health professionals use the terms for specific symptoms and disorders. Panic attacks are often associated with sudden fear and anxiety with high-stress levels or excessive worrying.?? Some of the symptoms are similar, including a rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Each also has other symptoms that are unique.   Everyone can experience panic attacks and anxiety, they are part of the emotional and protective responses hardwired into the human body. Its when either occurs frequently that there is cause for concern. No matter which you experience, its important to understand their definitions, symptoms, and treatments. Illustration by Joshua Seong. © Verywell, 2018.   Clinical Differences Professionals who treat mental health conditions base a diagnosis on definitions found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, known as the  DSM-5. Though anxiety and panic attacks may feel the same at times, the subtle differences outlined in this handbook help identify each. The DSM-5  uses the term panic attack to describe the hallmark features associated with the condition known as  panic disorder. However, panic attacks may occur in other psychiatric disorders and it is possible to have a panic attack if you have no disorder.?? The term “anxiety attack” is not defined in the DSM-5. Rather, anxiety is used to describe a core feature of several illnesses identified under the headings of  anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and trauma- and stressor-related disorders.?? Some of the most common disorders under these three headings include: Panic  disorderAgoraphobia without history of panic disorderSpecific phobiaSocial anxiety disorderSeparation anxiety disorderObsessive-compulsive disorder  (OCD)Post-traumatic stress disorder  (PTSD)Generalized anxiety disorder  (GAD) The differences between panic and anxiety are best described in terms of the intensity of the symptoms and length of time the main symptoms occur. The in-depth definitions in the DSM-5 guide your health provider to make a diagnosis and classify your condition. Panic Attack A panic attack is an intense and sudden feeling of fear, terror, nervousness, or apprehension. The symptoms  are often so extreme that they cause a severe disruption in your day.?? Panic attacks  usually occur out of the blue without an obvious, immediate trigger. In some cases, they are expected because the fear is caused by a known stressor, such as a phobia. Panic attack symptoms peak within 10 minutes and then subside. However, some attacks may last longer or may occur in succession, making it difficult to determine when one attack ends and another begins. Following an attack, it is not unusual to feel stressed, worried, out-of-sorts, or keyed up for the remainder of the day. According to the DSM-5, a panic attack is characterized by four or more of the following symptoms???: Mental Feelings of unreality (derealization) Feeling detached from oneself (depersonalization) Fear of losing control or going crazy Fear of dying Physical Heart palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate Excessive sweating Trembling or shaking Sensations of shortness of breath, difficulty breathing Feeling of choking Chest pain Nausea or abdominal distress Feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint Numbness or tingling sensations (paresthesias) Chills Hot flashes Anxiety In contrast, anxiety generally intensifies over a period of time and is highly correlated with excessive worry about some potential dangerâ€"whether real or perceived.?? If the anticipation of something builds up and the high amount of stress reaches a level where it becomes overwhelming, it may feel like an attack. The symptoms of anxiety may include: Mental Difficulty concentrating Irritability Restlessness Physical Fatigue Muscle Tension Disturbed sleep Increased startle response Increased heart rate Dizziness While some of the symptoms of anxiety are similar to those associated with panic attacks, they are generally less intense. Unlike a panic attack, the symptoms of anxiety may be persistent and very long-lastingâ€"days, weeks, or even months. Treatment Whether you’re dealing with panic, persistent anxiety, or both, effective treatment is available. Some of the most common treatment options include therapy, prescription medications, and self-help strategies.?? You may decide to try one or any combination of these methods. Therapy can help you develop ways to manage your symptoms, work through past pain, determine your path for the future, and gain a clearer perspective that will allow for a more positive outlook.Medications can assist you in reducing the most severe symptoms. They may only be needed for a short period of time to control symptoms while you work on the other strategies.Self-help techniques, such as breathing exercises and desensitization, can be beneficial in allowing you to work through symptom management at your own pace. The Best Online Anxiety Therapy A Word From Verywell Anxiety and panic attacks can disrupt your everyday life. Whether you experience them or you want to understand what a friend or loved one goes through, know that help is available. Talking to your doctor about your symptoms and how often they occur is the first step to finding relief. What Are The Physical Symptoms of Panic and Anxiety Disorders?

The Crucial Process of Learning - 609 Words

Learning is a crucial process for adapting and the survival of everyday life. Learning is a change in behavior caused by a new experience or practice. When people learn something, a part of their brain is physically changed to record what they have learned. There are different concepts of learning and each one has a different effect on our behavior. Classical conditioning is a type of learning, which has a major effect on behavior. It is a learning process that occurs through associations between a natural stimulus and adapted stimulus. Examples of classical conditioning occur in our everyday lives. For example, I ate fish and then got sick because of the flu. Usually I like fish however, after that day I developed a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever I smell it. This example is classical conditioning because nausea is an automatic response. The flu, which is an involuntary sickness, is the unconditioned stimulus .The nausea is the unconditioned response because it was a naturally occurring reflex. The fish becomes the conditioned stimulus because it is now paired to my first experience with the unconditioned response. The nausea became a conditioned response. Reinforcements are events that strengthen responses and behaviors. Positive reinforcement is adding something in order to increase a response and behavior. For example, when I was younger every time that I received a good grade in school, my teacher would give me a gold star and that would make me feelShow MoreRelatedMultimodal Literacy And The Classroom887 Words   |  4 Pagesfundamental part of learning within the classroom. The five semiotic modalities are the key components within multimodal texts and are the various forms of multimodal literacy used to assist students in the process of becoming literate. 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Strategies to Help You Become an Outstanding Student

More than anything, teachers want to see growth and improvement from their students. They understand that their classroom is filled with learners of many different levels of ability and just want each student to become better versions of themselves. A teachers job is to differentiate instruction to provide each student with an education that meets their individual needs—this is challenging, but effective teachers make it happen. Though highly effective teaching is important, it is not the sole responsibility of the teacher to ensure that students are performing well. After all, teachers cannot ultimately control how much effort students are putting forth. Teachers are there to guide, not force. Students must come prepared to absorb knowledge and try their hardest to apply what they are learning to their lives. Every student experiences school differently, but each of them can improve and become a better student if they try. Becoming an outstanding student can make you much more successful in every area of school, from relationships with teachers to academics. Try these strategies to become an outstanding student if there is room for improvement in your life. Ask Questions This could not get any simpler. If you do not understand something, ask the teacher for help—thats why they are there. Dont ever be afraid or embarrassed to ask a question, this is how you learn. Chances are, several other students have the same question. Be Positive Teachers love to work with students who are pleasant and positive. Having a positive attitude will directly impact your learning. Though there will always be bad days and subjects you dont enjoy, it is important to let positivity permeate everything you do. This will make school more enjoyable for you and you will find success easier to achieve. Follow Directions Following directions and instructions is an essential aspect of being a good student—not doing so leads to mistakes and poor grades. Always listen carefully and take thorough notes when a teacher is giving instructions and explaining something, especially new material. Read written directions at least two times and ask for clarification if you still dont get it. Complete Assignments/Homework Every assignment should be completed to the best of your ability and turned in to the teacher on time. There are two negative outcomes when work is not completed: you miss out on important learning opportunities and your overall grade is lowered. To avoid learning gaps and poor scores, do your homework no matter what. It may not be fun, but it is an essential part of school and learning that excellent students do not skip. Do More Than Is Required The best students go above and beyond, often doing more than the minimum. If the teacher assigns 20 problems, they do 25. They seek out learning opportunities and are excited to learn. Try doing extra research about ideas that intrigue you, finding your own ways to practice, and asking the teacher for extra credit opportunities to become a better student. Establish a Routine A structured routine after school can help you maintain academic focus at home. Your routine should include a designated time and place for homework and studying that you can count on each day. The goal is to minimize distractions and make a commitment to prioritize completing assignments over other activities. A routine for getting ready for school each morning can also be beneficial. Set Goals You should always set academic goals for yourself that apply to both short- and long-term learning. Whether one of your goals is to attend college someday or you just want to get a good grade on an upcoming test, it is important to self-direct your accomplishments. Goals will help you to maintain focus throughout your education so that you always remember what you are working toward. Maintain Focus Good students know how to stay focused in the face of distractions. They know that they are responsible for their own learning and do not let other people or situations stand in the way of that. They make academics a priority and keep their sights set on their long-term educational goals. Stay Organized Your level of organization directly influences your level of success in school. Try keeping your locker and backpack neat and tidy as well as recording all assignments and important deadlines in a planner or notebook. You will find that school becomes easier to manage when you can find and keep track of things. Read, Read, Read Good students are often bookworms. Reading is the foundation of learning, after all. Strong readers are always looking for opportunities to increase their fluency and comprehension by picking books that are entertaining and challenging. Set goals for yourself and check your understanding as you read to instantly improve your reading skills. Study Hard and Study Often Developing solid study skills is a great way to be the best student you can be. Learning does not begin and end with the delivery of information—your brain needs time to shift new information into your long-term memory if you are going to have any chance of remembering it when you need to. Studying helps to anchor concepts into your brain so that information can fully crystallize. Take Challenging Classes Learn to feel comfortable being challenged. A healthy amount of challenge grows your brain and it is better to experience difficulty than to coast through school. Push yourself to achieve goals that are harder for you to reach for larger pay-offs in the long-run than easy courses will grant you. If you are able, select tough classes that will really make you think (within reason). Get a Tutor If you find that there is an area in which you struggle excessively, getting a tutor might be the answer. Tutoring can give you the one-on-one help that you need to make sense of difficult courses and concepts. Ask your teacher for tutor recommendations and remember that there is nothing wrong with needing extra help.

The Anthropology of Terrorism Free Essays

string(39) " the priorities for our countries lie\." Since the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, â€Å"terrorism† has been a word that every American has used daily. It has been eleven years since these attacks, and our country is still at war, and we use terms like â€Å"acts of terror† to justify our invasion of their civilian space. Personally, I do not care much for conspiracy theories, but I was interested to know a little bit more about the Islamic culture that these â€Å"terrorists† stem from. We will write a custom essay sample on The Anthropology of Terrorism or any similar topic only for you Order Now While the majority of the population of Iraq and Afghanistan are practicing Muslims, they can not all be defined as â€Å"terrorists. In all actuality, a lot of them may define Americans and other westernized countries with seemingly unlimited war powers as â€Å"terrorist† groups. There are many differences from the American view of acts of terror, the Iraqi view of acts of terror, and the view of how those who commit crimes of terror see their own actions. I think it very important that American civilians, especially those who are not well educated on our foreign policies and the current war situation, take time to see how Iraqi civilians and the Muslim population view the September 11 acts of terror, and the subsequent war compared to those who chose to commit these acts. I think that most would be surprised when they find that the Islamic religion does not actually promote those extensive â€Å"acts of terror† that they do not support the extremist groups like Al Quaeda, and that our presence in their civilian areas, like market places may not be necessary or productive for their day-to-day routines. In order for many people to understand these differing viewpoints on terrorism, I think it is important to focus on how different people may define an act of terror. In December of 1994, the Unite Nations General Assembly Resolution 49/60, â€Å"Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism,† describes terrorism as: â€Å"Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them. Later, in 2004 at UN Security Council Resolution 1566 a definition is given, stating acts of terror are: Criminal acts, including against civilians, committed with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury, or taking of hostages, with the purpose to provoke a state of terror in the general public or in a group of persons or particular persons, intimidate a population or compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act. The United Nations adds to the definition again in 2005 at a panel, stating the definition of terrorism as: Any act intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non- combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act. (â€Å"Various Definitions of Terrorism†) The United Nations has no official definition of terrorism, because some would argue that there is no real distinction between a â€Å"terrorist† and a â€Å"freedom fighter. Therefore, the United Nation’s descriptions of the term are vague and always include that terrorism is â€Å"intimidating† or that it â€Å"provokes terror† on a group of people. The first description listed comments on the justification of these acts, which most others do not. Now, I would like to point out the differences in he definitions that are released by the Arabic Community and the united States . In 1998, the Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism was implemented by the Council of Arab Ministers of the Interior and the Council of Arab Ministers of Justice in Cairo, Egypt. They defined terrorism at this convention as: Any act or threat of violence, whatever its motives or purposes, that occurs in the advancement of an individual or collective criminal agenda and seeking to sow panic among people, causing fear by harming them, or placing their lives liberty or security in danger, or seeking to cause damage to the environment or to public or private installations or property or to occupying or seizing them, or seeking to jeopardize national resources. â€Å"Various Definitions of Terrorism†) The United States has many different definitions of terrorism in almost every government organization’s code. In Federal Criminal Code Title 18 of the United States defines terrorism and lists the crimes associated with terrorism. In Section 2331 of Chapter 113(B), defines terrorism as: †¦activities that involve violent†¦ or life-threatening acts†¦ that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State and†¦ appear to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and†¦(C) occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States†¦Ã¢â‚¬  FBI definition of terrorism: The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a Government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. The definition of terrorism used in the United States Army Field Manual FM 3-0, form 2001 is: The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear. It is intended to coerce or intimidate governments or societies †¦ [to attain] political, religious, or ideological goals. The Dictionary of Military Terms used by the Department of Defense defines terrorism as: The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. (â€Å"Various Definitions of Terrorism†) I think the difference in the way our governments define a term that the United Nations finds so debatable shows a huge cultural difference in where the priorities for our countries lie. You read "The Anthropology of Terrorism" in category "Essay examples" Obviously, since the September 11 attacks, the United States has spent an extensive amount of time coming up with more and more to add to the definition of terrorism and have worked to almost make ourselves seem like more of the victim. Our Federal Code includes mass destruction and assassination, but states that it primarily occurs within the United Stated jurisdiction. This is open to interpretation, as is all code, but it basically means that we are always the victim of acts of terror and can hardly ever be accused of committing the crime. However, in the FBI definition, it says that terrorism is using violence and force to coerce a government and its civilians of political and social objectives. Are we not using force and asserting ourselves on the Iraqi government, and every other government that we have been at war with? Has it not all been for a political gain? Then the military definitions add that actions can only be defined in that way if they are being committed for political, religious, or ideological reasons. However, I think that most Americans, if asked would only include religion in the definition. We have been trained to think that way, to only see terrorism as acts of Jihad, extremist Muslims. Americans, since I can remember have always been extremely proud. We are all truly blessed to come from a country that has a strong military backbone, free, accessible education, a comparably thriving economy, and the opportunity for social mobility. That being said, the majority of Americans are very ignorant and one-sided on a lot of political issues. Most are content with obtaining the easily accessible information from the news or internet and word of mouth. Most do not take the time to educate themselves on social issues that they comment on daily. This is why people are so opposed to those who practice Islam using their first amendment right to freedom of religion, especially in the south where most are extremely prejudiced. The news and the coverage of the September 11 attacks and the war are to blame for this phenomenon of fearing those who are different. In Packaging Terrorism: Co-opting the News for Politics and Profit, Susan Miller criticizes the way the media chooses which stories to run. â€Å"Threats, danger, fear. These words grab the attention of the readers and that’s what the media want. Your attention. Be afraid. Be very afraid. † She shows that there are many more options of global stories that our local news stations could run, but those that involve Americans or anything involving conflict in the Middle East, or even stories of al-Qaeda action in other countries, will get higher ratings as â€Å"Big Stories† over stories like the huge crisis of bombings in Mumbai in 2006, which is a place and event that Americans, in general, have no solid connection to. However, our society is also very vain, and there are even international events that are very important to us and the action in the Middle East that constantly get trumped by â€Å"larger† domestic stories. A 2006 suicide bombing of the Golden Mosque, which was close to triggering an Iraqi civil war was overshadowed by the Winter Olympics that year. A 2005 bombing was completely overshadowed by the kidnapping of Natalee Holloway in Aruba. The American people are more likely to be interested in our domestic actions than the stories of foreign events, especially when these events seem to run together and are so similar every time they are covered. One thing that is extremely controversial in covering those true acts of terror is the fact that most terrorists really want the attention on them. If someone is taken hostage and taped, or there is a huge event, like the 9/11 attacks, those who commit these actions are doing so for the attention, and for the media to show these events to the public, some can argue that those who share the news are just giving them what they most desire: to have all eyes on them. There is also an opinion, however, that if this footage is shown, it will show Americans the true brutality of the people who our military is fighting against, and that it will show that there truly is a threat, encouraging Americans to further support our military and create a unifying experience that promotes patriotism. This was shown in the case of the kidnapping of reporter, Daniel Pearl in Pakistan in 2002 by al-Qaeda operative Khalid Shiekh Mohammad. The video of his execution was made available to news networks, and a portion of Pearl speaking was shown on CBS. The full video shows his throat being slit and his severed head held up with a voiceover speaking out against the â€Å"enemies of Islam. † After much debate of whether or not the video should be seen by the public, whether it would violate the rights of Pearl’s grieving family, and whether the American people should be allowed to be exposed to witnessing a person’s murder, Peter Kadizis and Stephen Mindich of the Boston Phoenix posted a link to the video with a note above stating, â€Å"This is the single most gruesome, horrible, despicable, and horrifying thing I’ve ever seen. . That our government and others throughout the world, who have had this tape for some time have remained silent is nothing less than an act of shame†( Moeller). While our media is the largest source of information for Americans and is the largest reason that Americans have an instilled fear of anyone of the Islamic religion, the USA Patriot Act passed in 2001 as a response to the terrorist attacks is one of the triggers that set off this fear, and is a constant reminder of the attack. This Act was instated based on the theory that if there is a threat to national security, the public is more willing to allow for harsher policies and increased restrictions of civil liberties. The Act includes reduced restrictions in law enforcement agencies’ gathering of intelligence within the United States; expanded the Secretary of the Treasury’s authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and broadened the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts. Even though support for the Patriot Act has decreased, though not dramatically (from 60% classifying it as â€Å"necessary† in 2001, to a 39% in 2006), President Barack Obama signed a four-year extension of the act to include, searches of business records that would assist in an investigation undertaken to protect against international terrorism, and surveillance of â€Å"lone wolves,† individuals suspected of terrorist-related activities not linked to terrorist groups. (Borgeson, Valeri). This, eleven years later is an act that is still perfectly in tact, and is still restricting our rights. It isn’t the most invasive law, but it does hang over the heads of those who do business internationally and those who immigrated form other countries, because they are constantly under the threat of being watched and studied by the government. Since Americans have media coverage and restrictions that help to shape the idea of terrorism and the way we perceive terrorism and acts of violence, it is only logical to realize that the Iraqi people, have their own way of defining Terrorism in their country. It is important to realize, when analyzing their views, that the United States have been seen as a threatening force to them for the past eleven years by imposing on their land and declaring warfare on their former leader and having our military staying within their civilian quarters. Though Iraq has been liberated for the past five years, American troops were just recently sent home, and they are suffering from terrorist attacks against them from other outside forces as well. Most of those who practice the Islamic religion believe that warfare should only be used to suppress rebellion or to defend against imposing armies. They do not believe in starting wars, because the punishment is not in their hands, violence should only be used for protection. Yousuf Baadarani, a popular writer defending the Islamic culture, states in an interview with Asia Times states, â€Å"Since Islam forbids terrorism, than no terrorist could be labeled Islamic. He would have had to abandon the Islamic path to become a terrorist† (Abedin). Jihad is only supposed to be used to protect the Islamic religion against those who attack it, not to create terror in those who do not practice Islam. This counters a popular theory Americans have that all Muslims are destined to commit acts of terror and that they are instilling values that promote suicide bombings and murder of those who do not practice Islam. Al-Qaeda was born out of Osama Bin Laden’s leftover defense force he gathered together for the Saudi Kingdom, but it was rejected after they allowed US troops to use Saudi Arabia after Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. Al-Qaeda means â€Å"the basis† or â€Å"the base. † It is extremely difficult to find out the members of this organization and to figure out who is behind certain attacks. The chain of command is extremely difficult to follow. It has one goal: â€Å"to hit the West wherever and whenever it can, in order to further polarize the Muslim and Western worlds and effect an eventual victory of the Islamists, who claim leadership over the Muslim world†(Reuter). This terrorist group- and there is no debate from anyone as to whether or not they are a terrorist group- has committed too many suicide bombings and killings of innocent westerners to name. They are the group behind the infamous September 11 attacks, and are the ones who created all of the fear of terrorism in the United States. This group of people is founded on a basic principle: hate for all Westerners, and the desire to completely sever ties between those who practice Islam and Westerners. This is not a group based on jihad; the exception to the Islamic law against violence, which should only be allowed when defending the Islamic religion. It is simply a hate group against Westerners that wears a mask of religion. In conclusion, there is a lot that is not perceived correctly when it comes to the idea of terrorism. Every citizen of Iraq is not a terrorist, and neither is every member of the Muslim community. A select few extremists have ruined the reputation of a religion in the United States, with the help of the media and politics. I hope that every American citizen at some point realizes the difference between the terrorist attacks of September 11, and the Iraqi family that walks down the street. It is important to me and our country that people see that most Muslims do not support al-Qaeda and that the group of extremists is not practicing their religion properly. I hope that people will start to realize the importance of getting information from other sources than the popular media and that some will start to look up more information on important domestic and international events. Most of all, I hope that I have been able to properly compare viewpoints on terrorism in different parts of the world accurately. Bibliography Abedin, Mahan. â€Å"Asia Times Online :: Middle East News, Iraq, Iran current affairs. † Asia Times Online :: Asian news hub providing the latest news and analysis from Asia. N. p. , 29 Dec. 2009. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. Arena, Michael P. , and Bruce A. Arrigo. The terrorist identity: explaining the terrorist threat. New York: New York University Press, 2006. Print. Baudrillard, Jean. The spirit of terrorism and requiem for the Twin Towers. London: Verso, 2002. Print. Borgeson, Kevin , and Robin Valeri. Terrorism In America. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2009. Print. Moeller, Susan D.. Packaging terrorism: co-opting the news for politics and profit. Chichester, U. K. : Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Print. Reuter, Christoph. My life is a weapon: a modern history of suicide bombing. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004. Print. Various Definitions of Terrorism. † Department of Emergency Military Affairs (DEMA). DEMA, n. d. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. How to cite The Anthropology of Terrorism, Essay examples

Mob Mentality and Colonial Failure †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Mob Mentality and Colonial Failure. Answer: Introduction The movie "They're a Weird Mob" is a common Australian comic written by John O'Grady about Nino Culotta who arrived in Australia as an Italian immigrant. Nino came to Australia as he was promised a job as a journalist by his cousin in his cousin magazine. However, on his arrival to Australia Nino finds out that the magazines folded and his cousin had done a runner and the money which he had sent to him as the fare was borrowed from a daughter of a boss of a construction firm. While in Australia Nino tries to find himself a living so that he can cater for his basic needs.(Carter Welsh, 2018, p.1) As a result, Nino ends up working in a construction firm where his cousin had borrowed his fare from. Nino as a hardworking man works hard in his new employment site, and he makes a lot of friends with locals. While on his construction job where he does a lot of hard work like laying the bricks Nino meets Kay who is the daughter of the boss in the construction firm and whom his cousin had borrowed his fare from. At first, Kay and Nino argue a lot, and later on, they fell in love with each other. After a while, Kay decides to introduce Nino, his lover to his father. However, things don't work out as they expected as Kay's father hates Journalists, immigrates as well as bricklayers.(Hanlon, 2017, p.31) Nino tries to win Kay's father with his charms and determination to marry Kay. In this paper, we are going to cover and analyze the Australian culture which is widely recognized as accurate. The movie "They're a Weird Mob" title refer not only to the migrant but also the strange behavior of the Australian culture as perceived through the gaze of a foreigner. Australians have some positive and negative attitudes towards people who are not born in their nation management. This is because Australians value their way of life and they take pride in their country and its people. According to the new research, there are a lot of positive observation which is made.(Miles, 2017, p.32) This is because the majority of Australians have a very high identification of their nation and they express a strong sense of belonging as well as taking pride of their way of living, and they believe it is significant to maintain that way of living. All these observations are termed positive and good because without them the cohesiveness of the nation is undermined. However, on the issue of immigration seem worried and confused.(Torres, 2017, p.14) According to a research conducted it is clear that 47% of Australians think that immigration level is very high to their nation and 46% percentage thinks migrant intake was about right or too few. More recent research i ndicates that a large percentage of Australians are okay with immigrates to their nation. This is because new skills and technology are introduced to their nation. The movie "They're a Weird Mob" which is about a young man Nino who arrives in Australia seeking a job as a sports journalist it shows that Nino would have used his skills to enhance the journalism industry in Australia. Nino after failing to make it to journalism he opts to work in a construction firm which shows that source of labor is introduced to the nation. Australian also believes that immigrants to their nation would increase their understanding of the other languages and unity with other nations. Kay who falls in love with Nino as a result of Nino been employed by her father in the construction firm end up building a good relationship with Kay's father despite the fact that he hates immigrants, journalist, and bricklayer due to his determination to marry Kay. This shows that after having a good relationship with people from other nation, Australians believes they would be in a better place to work effectively with other nations for example like in trade activities and be in a position to exchange what they have with what they lack with no problems and misunderstandings.(Janssen, 2017, p.3) Australians positive attitudes towards immigrants are because they believe establishing a good relationship with immigrants by treating them well will enable them to be able to travel to other nations and be treated the same in case they have to due to trade activities and even in seek of job opportunities just like Nino. Australians also believe they can travel to other nation to gain knowledge by getting a new education style. Despite a large percentage of Australians having a positive attitude towards immigrants, some few percentages have a very negative attitude towards them. According to the recent research, it indicates that 5% of Australians have a very negative attitude towards English-speaking and European countries. However, this is termed as good news because in the 1950s and 1960s continental Europeans were subject to hostility towards the Australian public. Another 14% have a negative attitude towards people from Asia, and they do not feel good with migrants from India.(Godfrey, 2017, p.116) This small percentage of Australians argues that immigration should be reduced as it contributes to a lot of negative impacts to their nation. They believe that their culture will be interfered with by the immigrants. They also have a negative feeling that more professionals immigrants who are equipped with skills and knowledge in a specific field may take their positions at work making them jobless as well as been proud of their achievements. This small group of Australians also believes that the morals of their new generation can be changed and make the young one in their society adopt the cultures and behaviors of the immigrants like Europeans who are believed to lead to moral decay. This is because a lot of young adults in Australia have a favorable view of multiculturalism and they are more interested in learning the customs and heritage of different immigrant groups. The experience of many young adults and teenagers is to experience a diverse cultural environment and be engaged with virtual worlds of their own choices. Australia is going through a period of accelerating change whose effects attracts greater attention from the older generations. Legislation has changed the landscape of Australia regarding the diversity, expectation, and behavior in many ways. Diversity is defined as differences relating to gender, ethnicity, religion, physical capabilities and age.(Callahan, 2015, np) With the rise in globalization and migration and the urge to hire more competent employees as well as retaining and motivating the best works by giving them incentives and promotions at their workplaces, companies around the world should be capable of managing diverse workforces. According to a research conducted in 2009, Australia is the most culturally diverse nation in the world.(Persian, 2017, p.151) This study exposes various attitudes and legislation towards diversity management in different Australian companies. The movie "They're a weird mob" Nino despite the fact that he is an immigrant to Australia can secure himself a job in a construction firm. This is because he is hardworking and that the reason as to why he had to travel to Australia after his cousin promised him a job as a sports journalist.(Ryan, 2015, p.86) His handwork and determination make him secure a job in the construction firm where he is supposed to do a lot of hard work despite the fact that he is a journalist. His hardworking behavior makes him win his employer to allow him to marry Kay, his daughter. There are various benefits of managing diversity. Recognizing the significance of employee's engagement according to research by corporate leadership council indicates that more than 50000 in 27 nations to gain a deep understanding of the significant factors that influence the employee engagement. The analysis showed that the company manager is the key components towards the employee engagement. (Davis, 2016, p.1)Employers should treat their employees fairly despite their gender and origin. This is because when employees are fairly treated they feel motivated, and they tend to work extra harder. A survey indicates that clear correlation between diversity satisfaction as well as the overall job satisfaction. Legislative rules in Australia management of diversity is well appreciated as people in the nation are encouraged to relate well with each other in different areas like school and workplaces despite their diversities.(Petrie, 2016, p.548) By doing so, the nation is in position to promote peace and unity as all the individual are treated fairly, and they feel appreciated. This makes them have the urge of working towards the development of the nation. The main aim of the government and the legislation is to ensure that every employer and the citizens of a nation, as well as the immigrants, are in a position to live and work safely in a socially diverse environment which is free from discrimination. This means that everyone despite their race, religion, belief, and age is given the same advantages and opportunities.(Conrad, 2016, p.26) Individuals are needed to be aware of being in a position to comply with the legislative obligations when working with clients and employees. This is why in the movie "They're a weird mob" Nino is capable of working with people from a different race, and he manages to make a lot of friends as well been in a position to fall in love with a lady from a different race. The legislation has to deal with behaviors like discriminating people from different races like for example in the movie "They're a weird mob" Kay's father has a negative attitude towards immigrates as well as a journalist. The legislation has to deal with behaviors by coming up with anti-discrimination and equal employment opportunities for both the immigrants and its citizens.(Rooney, 2015, p.174) Legislation has to ensure that everyone is treated fairly and cases where some people think they are superior to the others corrective measures are taking to them. Family laws have to be enforced so that people coming from different cultures and various countries can learn about the Australian family law system and be in a position to practice what is done there. Immigrants are encouraged to adopt the cultural behaviors of the Australian. Health and safety behaviors may vary from one nation to another (Barnes, 2015, np). This is supposed to mean employers who have not worked in Australia may be aware of the requirement which is supposed to be there to take care of specific health complications. So immigrants to Australia are highly encouraged to learn the behaviors practiced in the Australian hospitals in di fferent scenarios. The Australians expect the legislation to ensure that people employed in a different organization in Australia be in a position to understand English both written and communicated. This is to provide that they can attend clients very well and be in a position to create a good customer relationship.(Gould, 2016, p.12) Depending on an individual capacity to understand English the Australian society expect the legislation to ensure that translators and diagrams are provided to prove it. The Australians are also expected by the legislation to ensure that they conduct themselves responsibly towards immigrants in all aspect of life. The Australians hopes the law deals with those immigrants who try to practice immoral behaviors in their society like distributing drugs to their teenagers, driving while drunk as well those who are trying to bring moral decays in their community by campaigning against the same(Brown, 2015, np). Apart from the contrary view, the Australians expects the immigran ts to bring some positive change in their society. They expect that the immigrants will bring more competent professional skills to their companies which will lead to more production in their nation and lead to high tax regarding taxation. Conclusion In conclusion, attitudes and legislation have a great impact in the landscape of Australia regarding behavior, expectation, and diversity towards immigrants. A small percentage of Australians have a negative attitude towards immigrants as they believe they will lead to moral decay in their society. This is because most of the young adults and teenager seems to forget their cultures and behavior and embrace the new practices of the immigrants. However, a significant percentage believes that immigrants will lead to more competent and professional skills to the Australian companies which will lead to more production and good trade relationship with other nations. The legislation is expected to ensure that all individual both immigrants and its citizens are fairly treated, and cases of discriminations are eliminated. This is encouraged by providing equal job opportunities and health care services to all the people. References Barnes, F., 2015. Always Almost Modern: Australian Print Cultures and Modernity. Brown, R., 2015. From Nino Culotta to Simon During.Australian Studies,9. Callahan, D., 2015. His Natural Whiteness: Modes of Ethnic Presence in Some Recent Australian Films.Australian Studies,8. Conrad, P., 2016. The second discovery of Australia.LiNQ (Literature in North Queensland),26(2). Carter, D. and Welsh, T., 2018. Everybody Wants to Work with Me: Collaborative Labor in Hip Hop.Popular Music and Society, pp.1-17. Davis, M., 2016. Always Almost Modern: Australian Print Cultures and Modernity.Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature: JASAL,16(1), p.1. Godfrey, N., 2017. National nightmare: Mob mentality and colonial failure in'Wake in fright'.Screen Education, (85), p.116. Gould, S., 2016. Books and water can mix.Incite,37(1/2), p.12. Hanlon, P., 2017. Out of the blue: Laura and Courtney's AFL dream becomes a reality.Police Association (Victoria) Journal,83(1), p.31. Janssen, V., 2017, March. GDA2020, AUSGeoid2020 and ATRF: An introduction. InProceedings of Association of Public Authority Surveyors Conference (APAS2017)(pp. 3-20) Miles, G., 2017. 2 Cuckoo Songs.New Directions in Childrens Gothic: Debatable Lands,120, p.32. Persian, J., 2017. IN AUSTRALIA: MEMORY IN AUTOBIOGRAPHY.Migrant Nation: Australian Culture, Society and Identity, p.151. Petrie, D., 2016. Resisting Hollywood dominance in sixties British cinema: the NFFC/rank joint financing initiative.Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television,36(4), pp.548-568. Rooney, B., 2015. Always almost modern: Australian print cultures and modernity [Book Review].Southerly,75(1), p.174. Ryan, M.D., 2015. A Few Best Men.Directory of World Cinema: Australia and New Zealand 2,2, pp.86-89. Torres, V., 2017. Tip Jar Girl.Intertext,25(1), p.14.

The Pros and Cons of Different Energy Sources free essay sample

They are an important source of energy that we have come to rely on, however, these days there many discussions have been taking place concerning their usage and the impact they play on the environment. As such, I will now list the pros and cons of fossil fuels. The pros of fossil fuels are as follows: 1) One of the advantages of fossil fuels is their existence as high efficiency sources of energy. The reason for this is that, when consumed they produce large amounts of usable energy. 2) Another one of the advantages of fossil fuels is their availability. Fossil fuels are not difficult to obtain from the earth. Also, due to the fact that the extraction and refining processes don’t take long, the fuels are able to be converted from their crude form into forms that could be used for a number of different purposes (Buzzle. com, 2013). 3) The third advantage that fossil fuels have is the ease at which they can be transported. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros and Cons of Different Energy Sources or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fossil fuels like coal are able to be transported by train, while oil and natural gas are transported by pipelines. This ease of transportation enables the places that convert these fossil fuels into usable forms, to not have to worry much about location (Buzzle. com, 2013). 4) And lastly, fossil fuels are not only used for energy, but also to create byproducts such as plastic that are used in almost everything (Locsin, n. d. ). Now, the cons of fossil fuels are as follows: 1) One of the major cons of fossil fuels is the danger they pose to the atmosphere. The burning of fossil fuels causes the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This is bad because carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. And that is not all, another one of the gases that is released when burning fossil fuels is sulfur dioxide. This toxic gas produces acid rain when it interacts with the atmosphere. 2) Another one of the cons of fossil fuels is the damage that is done to the landscape when collecting it. An example of this can be seen in coal mining. The landscape where coal is mined is damaged to the point where it is not able to be used for anything else. ) And last but not least, fossil fuels are a non-renewable source. And right now they are being used at an alarming pace because of how modernized our society is these days. So it might not be too far off in the future, when a time will come where we won’t be able to obtain anymore fossil fuels (Buzzle. com, 2013). What are the pros and cons of nuclear energy? The pros of nuclear energy are as follows: 1) One of the pros that nuclear energy b rings is a reduction in the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. 2) The second advantage is their relatively low operating costs. ) And lastly, nuclear energy has a large power generating capabilities, that allow for it to be used for industrial and city aspects (Buzz, 2009). The cons of nuclear energy are as follows: 1) The cost of constructing a nuclear energy power plant is high. And that is due to the equipment that is needed to contain the radiation. 2) One of the major concerns of nuclear energy is the disaster that could follow in the event of an accident. 3) And last but not least, another con that really is troublesome is the trouble of disposing of the waste. For one, the waste can last for a couple hundred years. Also, there is the ever present danger that it could leak out and contaminate ground water sources in the area (Buzz, 2009). What are the pros and cons of solar energy? The pros of solar energy are as follows: 1) Solar energy is renewable source of energy. As long as the sun is shining, solar energy is able to be produced. 2) The second advantage is that it is a clean source of energy. 3) And lastly, solar energy is a free source of energy, and its solar panels require almost no maintenance (Energy for Mankind. org, 2011). The cons of solar energy are as follows: 1) Solar energy can only produce its maximum of energy during the day, and when the sun is shining the longest. 2) Solar panels are very expensive. 3) And lastly, a lot of space is needed in order so the exact amount of solar panels that are needed could be installed (Energy for Mankind. org, 2011). What are the pros and cons of wind power? The pros of wind power are as follows: 1) It is a renewable source of energy. 2) It is also clean and free source of energy. 3) It won’t take long to recover the cost of purchasing and installing the wind turbine. ) And finally, a cool advantage of wind power is the fact that the electric company will reward for any excess energy that you produce but don’t use (Bernard, n. d. ). The cons of wind power are as follows: 1) One of the cons of wind power is its inconsistency. Since wind does not blow continually, wind turbines usually operate at 30% of their capacity. 2) Wind turbines have expensiv e upfront costs. 3) And lastly, another con of wind power is location. A wind turbine requires a lot of open land, in order to operate properly (Bernard, n. d. . What are the pros and cons of water (hydro) power? The pros of hydro energy are as follows: 1) Hydro power is a clean, renewable source of energy. 2) With the construction of a dam, there will be an abundance of electricity produced for many years. The cons of hydro power are as follows: 1) One of the cons of hydro power is the cost of constructing the dam. 2) The dams have to be built to the highest of standards. Precision, accuracy, and the right materials need to be utilized in order to achieve that goal (Energy for Mankind. org, 2011). What are the pros and cons of biofuels? The pros of biofuels are as follows: 1) Biofuels produce less carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases than a fossil fuel like oil. 2) Another advantage of biofuels is that they are immediately useable. 3) And lastly, Biofuels are high quality fuels that have allowed us to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels (Biofuel sustainability pros amp; cons, 2006). The cons of biofuels are as follows: 1) One of the cons of biofuels, is an increase in the clearing of rainforests in developing countries, in order to grow biofuel crops like corn. ) The growth of biofuel crops can have a negative impact on the prices and security of food. 3) And lastly, the creation of biofuels burns more energy than what is contained in the finished product. Therefore it isn’t an efficient fuel (Cunningham, n. d. ). When it comes to the Energy Policy Act of 2005, two of its provisions that I found interesting are the daylight savings time extension, and the creatio n of the energy star program. In the provision concerning daylight savings time; the daylight savings time was extended two weeks in the spring, and one week in the fall. These changes were to take place in the month of August of 2006. On the other hand, in the provision about the creation of the Energy Star program, the government created the program under the DOE and Environmental Protection Agency. The symbol of the Energy Star serves as an indicator of energy-efficient products and buildings. Last but not least, some of the tax incentives included in the Energy Policy Act of 2005, were for the installation of energy efficient appliances, residential energy properties, new homes, commercial buildings and more (Think Energy Management, LLC. n. d. ). References Bernard, M. (n. d. ). Pros and Cons of Wind Energy. Retrieved from, http://greenliving. lovetoknow. com/Pros_and_Cons_of_Wind_Energy Biofuel sustainability pros amp; cons. (2006). Retrieved from, http://curtrosengren. typepad. com/alternative_energy/2006/08/biofuel_sustain. html Buzz, P. (2009). Nuclear Energy: Pros and Cons. Retrieved from, http://www. triplepundit. com/2009/02/nuclear-energy -pros-and-cons/ Buzzle. com. (2013). Fossil Fuels Pros and Cons. Retrieved from, http://www. buzzle. com/articles/fossil-fuels-pros-and-cons. html Cunningham,

Slavery and Freedom essays

Slavery and Freedom essays Morgan in retrospect chronicles the surrounding events of American history, focusing on the asymmetric growth pattern between slavery and freedom, this Morgan reckons to be the central paradox in American History. He states The rise of liberty and equality in this country was accompanied by the rise of slavery. That two such contradictory developments were taking place simultaneously over a long period of our history, from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth, is the central paradox of American History (2 p.52). He analyzes the views and ideals of prominent individuals in that era with reference to their influential and contradictory decisions made therein to fortify his argument of slavery and freedom. He also highlights the events that led to the rise of slave trade resulting in the liberty and equality of the indentured slaves to the African man, resulting in a racially motivated democratic government. Morgan highlights Thomas Jeffersons enigmatic posture towards slavery as controversial to his view of the freeman. He states Jefferson did not believe in slavery but in a freedom that sprang from the independence of the individual. The man who depended on another for his living could never be truly free(5 p.53). Although Jefferson had slaves, he feared their freedom would prove detrimental to the society unless they where well prepared for an independent life in the free world. He held the notion that when slaves ceased to be slaves they would become instead a half million idle poor, who would create the same problems for the United States that the idle poor of Europe did for their states. The slave, accustomed to compulsory labor, would not work to support himself when the compulsion was removed(11 p.54). This view may have also been influenced by his or his countrymens racial prejudice, which solely supports the American paradox. Morgan emphasizes the fact that the ...

Journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journals - Essay Example Once arrested in 2000, his computer using rights were severely restricted and he was denied access to the Internet. Mafiaboy's motivation was nothing but entertainment for himself and a proof of his capability. The authorities later found that he didn't even have the genius skills that other hackers possess. But he was someone who wanted to prove to himself that he could pull off something major. Crime hurts society and while in some rare cases motivation for crime may find ethical justification, in most cases the societal and economic damage far outweigh any ethical justification. In this case for example the boy slowed down the website which is accessed by millions around the world every second. The website contains vital information on world affairs and by denying people a right to access the website in a timely fashion, this boy caused economic as well as societal damage with loss of time and money. It is amazing that in most computer crime cases, system managers fail to detect the crime because of their subtleness. A third-party or the offender normally reports these crimes. It is very likel y that the same thing happened with this case as well where users reported the slow respond they received when accessing the site instead of the system managers detecting it.

Health Care Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Care Crisis - Research Paper Example Each country has some rules and regulations that govern the health care system and they have to be adhered to. The universal health care has three tasks in each member of the society. It covers the following in every individual. The first one is the person who is to be covered with the system. Secondly, the services that the system has to offer to that person. Lastly, the total cost when carrying the person. In most developed countries, the universal health coverage is of much helpful to the residents. This has been made true, by the primary funds the government of these countries gets through the local residents. The government imposes tax to the residents and this becomes revenue to the country and which ensures that the country’s health care system achieves its goals. Also, some countries get funds the merchants and private sectors. The Soviet Union was the first one to establish the health care system in early 1937 and it was well redistributed towards its rural areas. Despite that America is among the wealthiest countries in the planet, it does not have universal health coverage unlike other developed countries. This is true because of some reasons or rather facts that have hindered America from diversifying its economy from universal health coverage which is a bit cheaper. Historically, the United States has never had a labor party which becomes successful. The low income earners in the United States were able to buy in most parts of the country. Land mobility was also encouraged and the middle class were also able to own the properties. This led to totally acquiring free land or quasi free land in most parts of the America. Consequently, a large number of the middle working class owned land in the United States, unlike in most parts of the planet where the land was owned by rich people. This resulted in failure of the labor party since there was no need of one voice to push for equity among the America’s

Osmosis Concentration Gradient

Osmosis Concentration Gradient Plant cells at all times have a tough cell wall adjoining them. When they occupy water by osmosis they begin to swell up, but the cell wall prevents them from bursting. Plant cells turn into turgid when they are placed in dilute solutions. Turgid means swollen and tough. The pressure inside the cell increases; ultimately the internal pressure of the cell is so high that no more water can enter the cell. This liquid or hydrostatic pressure works in opposition to osmosis. Turgidity is incredibly vital to plants since this is what makes the green parts of the plant keep upright. Given that potatoes are plants the similar thing will occur to its cells, they will enlarge and become extra turgid. But if a plant cell is put in a concentrated sugar solution it will drop water through osmosis and become flaccid, this is the precise opposite of turgid. So, if you then place the plant cell into a concentrated sugar solution and also look at it beneath a microscope you would notice that the inside of the cells have shrunk and pulled away from the cell wall, this would be known as plasmolysed. But if a plant cell is put in a solution which has accurately the similar osmotic strength like the cells they are in a position between turgidity and flaccidity. The water movement of a cell has the potential of disturbing a whole organism as contrasting to just a single cell. This can be achieved through numerous diverse ways. First of all, if water is occupied into a plant through the roots the ending consequence will be the hydration of the whole organism. Also, if a plant cools down, water or sweat is unconstrained and passes throughout the organism. In this investigation I have used many scientific definitions, which I have explained below: Hypotonic A hypotonic cell surroundings is an atmosphere with a minor concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell. Within a hypotonic environment, osmosis creates a current of water into the cell, causing the growth and spreading out of the cell. The growth may perhaps guide to the bursting of the cell. A hypertonic result has a higher concentration when compared to the cell. Hypotonic means it has a lesser concentration compared to the cell. Isotonic is a condition in which the concentrations of the cell and of the solution are in an identical proportion. Plasmolysis Plasmolysis is the reduction of the protoplasm of cells inside plants suitable to the loss of water during osmosis. It is while the cell membrane takes off the cell wall and the vacuole collapses when put in a hypertonic atmosphere. The reverse of Plasmolysis in plant cells is cytolysis. Hypertonic A hypertonic cell atmosphere has a bigger concentration of solutes at the outer of the cell. Consequently, in hypertonic surroundings, osmosis makes water to run out of the cell. If a sufficient amount of water is taken away in this way, the cytoplasm will contain such a tiny concentration of water that the cell has trouble working. Turgor Pressure Turgor pressure is the risky internal pressure in a cell ensuing from osmotic pressure. Hypothesis I expect that when there is a high concentration of sucrose the water molecules from inside the potato section will go away from the potato and set off into the sucrose. Since sucrose has a big concentration of sugar and a small concentration of water, this is subsequent laws of osmosis. Once the procedure has happened, the cell of the potato will happen to be flaccid. In addition, as the quantity of sucrose in the solution increases the potato piece will get smaller more and as the quantity of distilled water increases in the solution, the potato piece will become turgid. I expect that the more water there is in the solution, the more the potato cell will swell up, which would make it turgid. This will raise the total mass of the potato however; the cells will not come apart as the cellulose cell wall is inelastic. Because of the Turgor pressure the inside of the cell will initiate to move forward alongside the cell wall and provide support to the plant tissues. Variables There are numerous diverse variables which may well affect the results of the experiments. They are listed below: Mass of the potato piece: The size of the potato piece must be tiny enough to fit within the tube. The size ought to be large enough to observe an outcome in mass following the experiment. This variable will be controlled by cutting and measuring the mass on weighing scales. Concentration of Sucrose: The concentration of the sucrose must not be excessively large, or else the molecules of the potato will travel towards it rapidly and the weight of the potato will rise too fast. It must not be excessively low or else the potato will become bigger in size as the water molecules will shift from the solution into the potato. This variable will be controlled using equal concentration of sucrose in every experiment but will be changing the amount. Amount of Sucrose: The amount of sucrose is the variable which I will be changing. This is because by changing the volume of sucrose but keeping the quantity of the solution stable, the concentration of sucrose becomes more diluted. So, from there I preserve the result of different concentrations on osmosis. Temperature: The temperature should stay stable to maintain the investigation to be fair. The experiments ought to be carried out in the same area with the same equipment to keep reliability of results accurate as possible. It must stay put at room temperature to guarantee fairness and reliability. Time: Every experiment must be recorded up to a firm time. It must not be too lengthy or there would be sufficient time for the water molecules to travel in or out of the potato making incorrect results. If it is not long enough then there would not be sufficient time for osmosis to happen. The time must stay the same all the way through the experiments to make sure it is fair and to guarantee that the results are similar. To ensure the experiment to be fair, some aspects of the experiment will have to be kept the same, at the same time as one key variable is changed. If the experiment is not a fair test, I will be getting the incorrect results which could guide me to the wrong conclusions. I have preferred to vary the concentration of the sugar solution. The primary and mainly the important thing to do, is to get the measurements of the solutions and the mass of the potato cores as precise as possible. This will be prepared to each single potato core. I will use a size 6 cork borer to get the potato cores out of the original potato. I will be equally cutting the potato cores with a scalpel to make them as identical in length as achievable to make it a fair test. I will clarify how the length will influence the result of osmosis beneath. I will also be measuring the length to the nearest millimeter. If some of the non-variables are not kept steady, this would then not be a fair test then. If we obtain the potato core for example., if the potato core was taken away with several cork borers, then the potato core would be a different width, or else if one potato core was longer than another potato core, there would be an raise in surface area which would consequently mean that there is more surface area for osmosis to take place which wo uld either mean that the potato core would be heavier than it should be or lighter than it ought to be. I will use the same top-pan balance to weigh my potato cores because measurements can faintly differ between scales. Before using the scale, I will wipe the scale as it would have been used by other fellow classmates. The potato core to be entirely covered in the sucrose solution is too another very important part in order to make the experiment as fair as achievable. Because if the potato core is not entirely covered by the sucrose solution, the outcome of osmosis will not take place to its fullest and I would obtain dissimilar readings of the mass for each potato core, which will also make the test unreasonable. For that reason, I will use 10cm of every concentration of solution for each potatoes core. Carrying out the experiments in stable temperature surroundings is extremely essential. The temperature can have an effect on the consistency of the experiment. Every test tube will be located in the same site at room temperature. On the other hand, this might not create a constant environment. Obtaining and experimenting with the accurate measurement of concentration of sugar solution is awfully important to the experiment. If the amount of one solution in a test tube is greater or lower than another, it will influence the pattern of results. E.g. if the amount of solution is greater than the rest, it would be rather possible that there will more osmosis taking place, bearing in mind that there is additional sucrose solution, while there is a smaller amount of solution in the test tube, not as much osmosis will happen. Yet again, this cannot always be correct. I can always find out by essentially doing an experiment where I put two potato cores of the identical length in separate test tubes in the same concentration of sugar solution but with a dissimilar amount. E.g., one potato core can be placed in a test tube of 10ml of 0.50M of sugar solution and one potato core can be put in a test tube of 25ml of 0.50M of sugar solution. Equipment Distilled Water Potato Sucrose Solution Scalpel Cutting plate Ruler Test Tubes Measuring Cylinder Weighting Scale Initially I will make sure that every potato piece weighs approximately the same. In addition, I have to make the surface area available the same. All of the potato pieces will be cut 4cm by 1cm by 1cm. Once I weigh the potato pieces, I will put them into fifteen different test tubes. Then I will make the solutions of distilled water and sucrose concentration. The concentrations will vary by: 5ml in each test tube, each experiment will be repeated three times. Each experiment will be repeated three times Experiment No. Sucrose Quantity (ml) Distilled Water Quantity (ml) I will put in the dissimilar amounts of sucrose to water into dissimilar test tubes. I will leave the solution for 24 Hours and then take measurements. All experiments will be repeated 3 times and an average will be prepared to enhance accuracy. Safety Safety glasses are not a critical part of safety, because there are not any dangerous chemicals I will be using in this experiment. Each and every apparatus must be labeled visibly; as a result there would not be any disorder. A first aid kit must be set aside nearby to save time in case of a cut ought to happen all through the experiment. Preliminary Results From my Preliminary Results, I am to trying to find out: If the length I have chosen is a good choice If I will change the concentrations If the method should be changed or not Preliminary Results-Changes to be made for Actual Experiment If the length I have chosen is a good choice To cut the potato piece to 4cm took a long time, the length was also too big, so therefore for the actual experiment, every potato will be 3cm by 1cm by 1cm. If I will change the concentrations The concentrations used are perfect and the results given are consistent. If the method should be changed or not The method used was well-organized and straightforward. It was enormously simple to replicate and since I have carried it out numerous times I have become used to the method, so the method will not be changed and will be the same as the Prelimary experiment. Conclusion After the finishing point of the investigation I can bring to a close, that correct results were produced. I have presented my data in two ways, graphs and the tables above. I drew graphs because you are able to spot any trends. My results evidently show the comparison between increasing the concentration of sucrose-mass of potato will decrease. My graph can be said to be a straight line, so my results are accurate and reliable. From my outcome I can see that as the concentration of sucrose increases, there is a steady increase in the percentage change of the potato mass.At highest concentration the potato has lost the most mass 54%, this will be called flaccid. So, the concentration gradient was at its maximum, for this reason the highest rate of osmosis took place at this concentration. Still, as the sucrose concentration altered to lesser values the loss in mass from the potato also decreased. Once the concentration of sugar was completely water, the potato had gained mass 20%. O smosis of water molecules was currently going on back into the potato. At that point the Potato Cells were Turgid. From the outcome I can say that my prediction was right. At high sucrose concentrations the potato lost mass and became flaccid, and at small sucrose concentrations the mass enlarged. This would be because of osmosis taking place, the water molecules moving from low concentration of sucrose to the high solution in the potato. Evaluation On the whole, the investigation was good. As I did a preliminary experiment, I could make changes to the Actual Experiment. From looking at the 3 graphs and the tables, it can be said, there were no anomalous results. This can be said because the values are precise and accurate with each other. The method used was well-organized and reliable upon. I used the same method in the preliminary and the Actual Experiment, this was good for me as I got used to the method and the whole experiment became easier for me. In the experiment, I could have improved accuracy, if I did the experiment further times. I could have also tested more Sucrose concentrations. Also, I could have measured every hour instead of 24 hours. I can also carry out an investigation into how osmosis is affected when it takes place in different conditions, i.e. Low and High temperature.

Jack London

ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews, Vol. 23, No. 3, 172–178, 2010 Copyright  © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0895-769X DOI: 10. 1080/08957691003712363 R USSELL M. H ILLIER Providence College Crystal Beards and Dantean In? uence in Jack London’s â€Å"To Build a Fire (II)† James I. McClintock has described Jack London’s classic short story â€Å"To Build a Fire (II)† as the â€Å"most mature expression of his pessimism† (116).In what follows, I wish to explore the possibility that there is a substantial element of spiritual allegory operative in London’s narrative. London originally conceived his tale as a moral fable and a cautionary narrative to American youth never to travel alone. To this end, London published the story in Youth’s Companion. In its ? nal version, though, the tale assumed decidedly darker and more sinister tones.In capturing the menace of the inclement northland, London was dr awing upon his own travels in the Klondike, but I would argue that his narrative was also inspired by a fusion of his experience of the harsh and bleak environment of Dawson City with his encounter with the literature he read while he was sheltering in a winter cabin beside the Stewart River, in circumstances London’s biographer Andrew Sinclair characterizes as â€Å"a trap of cold and boredom, short rations and scurvy† (48). Sinclair describes the modest library with which London weathered that cramped and piercingly cold spell of ? e months and writes how, â€Å"In the tedious con? nes of the winter cabins, [London] settled down to absorb the books that became the bedrock of his thought and writing, underlying even the socialism which was his faith. These were the works of Darwin, Huxley, Herbert Spencer, and Kipling, Milton’s Paradise Lost and Dante’s Inferno† (48). The last two works Sinclair accounts for are of particular consequence. Between the pages of Milton and Dante’s epics London would have encountered fallen angels and unrepentant sinners who had been immured in Hell for committing crimes of hubris.Indeed, London transferred his fascination for the hubris of Milton’s Satan to his antihero Wolf Larsen in the novel The Sea-Wolf . 1 Most importantly, though, London would have discovered, at the outer reaches of Milton’s Hell, â€Å"a frozen Continent [ . . . ] dark and wilde, beat with perpetual storms / Of Whirlwind 172 Jack London’s â€Å"To Build a Fire (II)† 173 and dire Hail, [ . . . ] all else deep snow and ice† (PL 2. 587–89, 591); and, within the innermost circle of Dante’s pit of Hell, he would have found a frozen subterranean lake blasted by biting winds.Neither infernal vision would have been so very far removed from London’s own experience of the subzero temperatures and appalling conditions of the Klondike. Indeed, the inhuman cold that defe ats London’s protagonist was as much an attribute of the traditional medieval idea of Hell as its notorious qualities of ? re and brimstone. The landscape of London’s revised tale is conspicuously preternatural— â€Å"the mysterious, far-reaching hair-line trail, the absence of sun from the sky, the tremendous cold, and the strangeness and weirdness of it all† (1302).Where Milton’s Hell is characterized by the paradoxical quality of â€Å"darkness visible† (PL 1. 63), London’s comfortless northern world has â€Å"an intangible pall over the face of things, a subtle gloom that made the day dark† (1301). London’s protagonist is an anonymous â€Å"man,† a gold prospector who not only lacks the imagination to survive in the Yukon wasteland, but who is also oblivious to any metaphysical possibilities and unmindful of â€Å"the conjectural ? eld of immortality and man’s place in the universe† (1302).Incapa ble of companionability, the man always travels alone, except for his husky, an animal he treats with contempt and even with hostility. His disdain for the wise counsel that â€Å"the old-timer on Sulphur Creek† (1309) gives him to travel into the northland with a partner is a recurrent reminder to London’s reader of the man’s improvidence, unsociability, and willful self-alienation. London’s own brutal ordeal in the Klondike had taught him the importance of having a trail-mate: when wintering by the Stewart River, London and Fred Thompson, journeying for supplies through the wilderness, had â€Å"backpacked all the way or they pulled heir own sled, for they owned no team of huskies† (Sinclair 48). In the case of the man in London’s narrative, the idea of working alongside or depending upon other creatures means no more to him than the enjoyment of the commodities he associates with them: â€Å"the boys† at the camp, for example, whom the man always keeps in mind throughout the tale, are, to the man, indistinguishable from the material comforts he hopes to gain from â€Å"a ? re† and â€Å"a hot supper† (1302).The marked in? uence of Dante in London’s narrative, a crucial factor in one’s appreciation of the tale which, to the best of my knowledge, has hitherto escaped critical attention, helps to con? rm London’s infernal rendering of the unforgiving Yukon wasteland. In structural terms the story has a repetitive, nightmarish quality as â€Å"the man† makes three desperate ventures to build a ? re that are each time frustrated—? rst, by having the ? e â€Å"blotted out† by an â€Å"avalanche† of snow (1309); second, by having his book of sulphur matches extinguished in one fell swoop (1310–11); and, third, by having â€Å"the nucleus of the little ? re† snuffed out by a â€Å"large piece of green moss† (1311). Lee Clark Mitchell has drawn attention 174 ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews to the ominous, reiterative quality of the tale and to how â€Å"events [ . . . ] repeat themselves into an eerie signi? cance, as the man attempts over and over to enact the story’s titular in? nitive† (78).The man’s predicament recalls the unrelenting fates of transgressors in the classical underworld—of Sisyphus, who pushes a boulder up a hill, only for it to roll down the hill’s other side, or of Tantalus, who fruitlessly reaches out to eat from a branch that is always eluding his grasp. But the man’s thwarted actions also mimic the commitment of Dante’s sinners to both the unending nature of the punishment they must suffer and the experience of their particular sin’s interminable round in each of the nine vicious circles built into the funnel of Dante’s Hell.London underlines the infernal atmosphere of his tale. He is careful, for instance, to identify the old-timer on Sulphur Creek, who warns the man that a traveler should never venture alone into the Klondike in treacherous weather, with that essential feature of Hell, namely Hell’s sulphurate fumes. London further emphasizes this theme by having his antihero build a ? re with â€Å"his bunch of sulphur matches† (1310) that, when lit, emits an evil smell of â€Å"burning brimstone† (1311). On bungling his second desperate attempt to build a ? re, the man not only blunders and sets a? me all of his remaining seventy matches, he also sets alight his own hand, so that the burning of his ? esh by ? re becomes associated with the freezing cold that burns into the core of his being at the story’s climax. The freezing cold that literally chills the man to the bone is as apt a fate as a case of Dantean contrapasso, where the punishment of the sinner is appropriate to the nature of their sin. The man’s ethical insentience, his lac k of a moral and metaphysical compass to direct his choices and regulate his attitude toward others and toward the universe of which he is a part, is re? cted in the deadening numbness that torments and ultimately destroys him. London includes in his narrative one small but revealing detail from Dante’s Inferno that gives the reader a key to unlock the moral of his fable. Because of the intense cold, the beard of London’s nameless protagonist, like the coat of the husky that reluctantly accompanies the man, sports an icy â€Å"appendage† (1303): The frozen moisture of [the husky’s] breathing had settled on its fur in a ? ne powder of frost, and especially were its jowls, muzzle, and eyelashes whitened by its crystalled breath.The man’s red beard and mustache were likewise frosted, but more solidly, the deposit taking the form of ice and increasing with every warm, moist breath he exhaled. Also, the man was chewing tobacco, and the muzzle of ice hel d his lips so rigidly that he was unable to clear his chin when he expelled the juice. The result was that a crystal beard of the color and solidity of amber was increasing its length on his chin. If he fell down Jack London’s â€Å"To Build a Fire (II)† 175 it would shatter itself, like glass, into brittle fragments. But he did not mind the appendage. 1303) This curious â€Å"ice-muzzle on his mouth† (1304) elongates as the man progresses on his journey, so that â€Å"he continued monotonously to chew tobacco and to increase the length of his amber beard† (1304); later still, the â€Å"ice-muzzle† (1306) obstructs his mouth when he attempts to eat his meal. The â€Å"amber beard,† a vivid if admittedly bizarre feature of London’s tale, gathers in signi? cance if we recollect events in the ninth and ? nal circle of Dante’s Inferno. When Dante the pilgrim arrives at Hell’s bottom, he discovers a frozen Lake Cocytus that i s swept by bitter, freezing winds.As Dante ventures toward the heart of Lake Cocytus, where the ? gure of Lucifer weeps, gnashes his teeth, and beats his wings, he eventually arrives at the region of Ptolomea (Inf. 33. 124). In this place he ? nds wretched sinners buried up to their waists in ice: We went farther on, where the frost roughly swathes another people, not bent downwards, but with faces all upturned. The very weeping there prevents their weeping, and the grief, which ? nds a barrier upon their eyes, turns inward to increase the agony, for the ? rst tears form a knot and, like a crystal visor, ? l all the cup beneath the eyebrow. (Inf . 33. 91–99) The â€Å"crystal visor [visiere di cristallo]† (Inf . 33. 98) or â€Å"the hard veils [i duri veli]† (Inf . 33. 112) that form and clamp about the faces of these sinners offer an attractive source for the â€Å"crystal beard† or â€Å"muzzle of ice† that torments the countenance of London†™s antihero. Just as the tears around the faces of Dante’s sinners solidify and accumulate to form visors or veils, so the tobacco spit in the beard of London’s protagonist encrusts, clusters, and builds to form an icemuzzle.London’s ice-muzzle that shatters, â€Å"like glass, into brittle fragments† (1303), also seems to recall Dante’s frozen Lake Cocytus, which has the durability â€Å"of glass [di vetro]† (Inf . 32. 24). In his depiction of the Yukon London gestures further to Dante’s sinners, who are embedded in Lake Cocytus. Just as Dante’s Lake Cocytus is one solid block of ice, so the creek that surrounds the man â€Å"was frozen clear to the bottom, — no creek could contain water in that arctic winter† (1304).Equally, just as Dante’s sinners are trapped in the ice, so various ice pools, covered with â€Å"a snow-hidden ice-skin† (1305), present â€Å"traps† (1304) that are concealed around the surface of the creek. It is through the ice-skin of one of these same traps that the man falls and, like Dante’s â€Å"wretches of the cold crust [tristi de la fredda crosta]† (Inf . 33. 109), the man â€Å"wet[s] himself halfway to the knees before he ? oundered out to the ?rm crust† (1307). 176 ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and ReviewsLondon’s allusion to Dante is all the more pertinent when we consider the nature of the sin for which Dante’s transgressors in Ptolomea are being punished. The inhabitants of Ptolomea are those offenders who have transgressed against their guests, hosts, or companions. London’s critics have acknowledged the man’s hubris as â€Å"an overweening con? dence in the ef? cacy of his own rational faculties and a corresponding blindness to the dark, nonrational powers of nature, chance, and fate† (Labor 63–64). Yet, as with Dante’s sinners con? ed in Ptolome a, the fatal ? aw of London’s antihero is as much his inability to understand the value of companionship or community. In this way the nameless man’s husky acts as a foil to its master. London characterizes the relationship between the man and his dog as that existing between a â€Å"? re-provider† (1309) and a â€Å"toil-slave† (1306), and, as such, he reveals that their union is based upon a ruthless pact of convenience and functionality rather than an accord of mutual love, respect, and sympathy.The â€Å"menacing throat-sounds† (1307) of the man are, to the perceptions of the dog, as â€Å"the sound of whip-lashes† (1307), and the narrative con? rms the dog’s apprehensions in his master’s futile, last ditch effort to destroy man’s best friend and use its very lifeblood and vital warmth in order to save his own skin. London’s account of his protagonist’s failure to be companionate with his dog is a cruci al index to the man’s inability to â€Å"meditate upon his frailty as a creature of temperature, and upon man’s frailty in general† (1302).His cruel treatment of his dog furnishes yet another example of his refusal to perceive his fellow human beings and the natural world surrounding him as more than â€Å"things† stripped bare of their â€Å"signi? cances† (1302). His aversion to companionability, which is equivalent to Dante’s sin of Ptolomea, is further re? ected in his refusal to heed the old-timer’s advice to foster human community and trust to a â€Å"trail-mate† (1309). London’s allusion to both the frozen wastes of Dante’s Ptolomea and the crystal beards of the sinners who reside in that nhospitable climate provides a convincing literary analogue for London’s haunting and gloomy depiction of the Klondike; the intertext also serves to highlight the nature of the tragic ? aw of London’s protago nist in placing his trust in a misguided individualism where â€Å"any man who was a man could travel alone† (1308). It may be the case that in the parallels between Jack London’s severe experience of being buried in the Klondike and Dante’s unforgettable vision of his cardinal sinners, buried in Lake Cocytus, London found a subject that he could not resist treating imaginatively, irrespective of his religious and political standpoint.However, if, as I believe, London’s â€Å"To Build a Fire (II)† can be read as a moral fable of transgression and punishment that is heavily invested in the stuff of spiritual allegory and, in particular, relies upon the design of Dante’s Commedia, then our tidy, traditional understanding of London as a long-standing, dedicated Socialist who was condescending toward, if not scornful of, spiritual and religious matters becomes problematic or, at the very least, open to reassessment. Jack London’s â€Å"T o Build a Fire (II)† 177So that there can be no mistaking the tale’s literary debt to the Florentine master, London’s coda to his narrative contains a strong, though unsettling, allusion to the close of each of Dante’s three canticles. The allusion unsettles, because it bears London’s signature pessimism regarding an unresponsive universe. As, in turn, each canticle ends, Dante the pilgrim gains an increasingly clari? ed and luminous perspective upon the starry universe that proclaims God’s abundant love and His concern for Creation: in Inferno, while emerging from Hell’s pit onto the surface of the Earth, Dante is able to contemplate the ? mament and â€Å"see again the stars [riveder le stelle]† (Inf . 34. 139); in Purgatorio, from the peak of Mount Purgatory Dante is â€Å"pure and ready to rise to the stars [puro e disposto a salire a le stelle]† (Purg. 33. 145); and, in Paradiso, Dante is at long last granted a beati ? c vision of his Maker and is ? lled with wonder â€Å"by the Love which moves the sun and the other stars [l’amor che move il sole e l’altre stelle]† (Parad. 33. 145).In contrast, London’s powerful closing image of the husky, now masterless and â€Å"howling under the stars that leaped and danced and shone brightly in the cold sky† (1315), indicates a more indifferent and uncaring naturalistic universe than the ordered Dantean cosmos where God’s embosoming love moves the sun and the other stars. Perhaps, then, in London’s closing reversion to the bright, dancing stars and the cold sky of an unfeeling universe, James McClintock is correct in his critical judgment that, ultimately, London never truly abandoned his essentially pessimistic worldview in â€Å"To Build a Fire (II)†.Notes I wish to thank my freshman class from the fall semester of 2009 for being a receptive audience to the ideas presented in this paper. Above all, I am grateful to Marek Ignatowicz, a poet and a true man of letters. Without his facility for illuminating discussion on all things literary, and without our memorable conversation on the subject of beards in fact and in ? ction, it is highly probable that the topic of this paper would never have occurred to me. 1 Milton’s Paradise Lost, and in particular the character of Milton’s Satan, is an inspiration to Wolf Larsen in The Sea-Wolf .Larsen remarks of Milton’s fallen archangel: â€Å"But Lucifer was a free spirit. To serve was to suffocate. He preferred suffering in freedom to all the happiness of a comfortable servility. He did not care to serve God. He cared to serve nothing. He was no ? gurehead. He stood on his own legs. He was an individual† (249). Works Cited Dante Alighieri. The Divine Comedy: Inferno. Trans. Charles S. Singleton. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970. Print. ———. The Divine Comedy: Paradiso. Trans. Cha rles S. Singleton.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975. Print. 178 ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews ———. The Divine Comedy: Purgatorio. Trans. Charles S. Singleton. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973. Print. Labor, Earle. Jack London. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1974. Print. London, Jack. The Complete Short Stories of Jack London. Ed. Earle Labor, Robert C. Leitz, III, and I. Milo Shepard. 3 vols. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993. Print. ———. The Sea-Wolf . New York: MacMillan, 1967. Print. McClintock, James I.White Logic: Jack London’s Short Stories. Cedar Springs: Wolf House Books, 1976. Print. Milton, John. The Poetical Works of John Milton. Ed. Helen Darbishire. London: Oxford University Press,1958. Print. Mitchell, Lee Clark. â€Å"‘Keeping His Head’: Repetition and Responsibility in London’s ‘To Build a Fire. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Journal of Modern Lite rature 13. 1 (1986): 76–96. Print. Sinclair, Andrew. Jack: A Biography of Jack London. London: Harper and Row, 1977. Print. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Jack London ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews, Vol. 23, No. 3, 172–178, 2010 Copyright  © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0895-769X DOI: 10. 1080/08957691003712363 R USSELL M. H ILLIER Providence College Crystal Beards and Dantean In? uence in Jack London’s â€Å"To Build a Fire (II)† James I. McClintock has described Jack London’s classic short story â€Å"To Build a Fire (II)† as the â€Å"most mature expression of his pessimism† (116).In what follows, I wish to explore the possibility that there is a substantial element of spiritual allegory operative in London’s narrative. London originally conceived his tale as a moral fable and a cautionary narrative to American youth never to travel alone. To this end, London published the story in Youth’s Companion. In its ? nal version, though, the tale assumed decidedly darker and more sinister tones.In capturing the menace of the inclement northland, London was dr awing upon his own travels in the Klondike, but I would argue that his narrative was also inspired by a fusion of his experience of the harsh and bleak environment of Dawson City with his encounter with the literature he read while he was sheltering in a winter cabin beside the Stewart River, in circumstances London’s biographer Andrew Sinclair characterizes as â€Å"a trap of cold and boredom, short rations and scurvy† (48). Sinclair describes the modest library with which London weathered that cramped and piercingly cold spell of ? e months and writes how, â€Å"In the tedious con? nes of the winter cabins, [London] settled down to absorb the books that became the bedrock of his thought and writing, underlying even the socialism which was his faith. These were the works of Darwin, Huxley, Herbert Spencer, and Kipling, Milton’s Paradise Lost and Dante’s Inferno† (48). The last two works Sinclair accounts for are of particular consequence. Between the pages of Milton and Dante’s epics London would have encountered fallen angels and unrepentant sinners who had been immured in Hell for committing crimes of hubris.Indeed, London transferred his fascination for the hubris of Milton’s Satan to his antihero Wolf Larsen in the novel The Sea-Wolf . 1 Most importantly, though, London would have discovered, at the outer reaches of Milton’s Hell, â€Å"a frozen Continent [ . . . ] dark and wilde, beat with perpetual storms / Of Whirlwind 172 Jack London’s â€Å"To Build a Fire (II)† 173 and dire Hail, [ . . . ] all else deep snow and ice† (PL 2. 587–89, 591); and, within the innermost circle of Dante’s pit of Hell, he would have found a frozen subterranean lake blasted by biting winds.Neither infernal vision would have been so very far removed from London’s own experience of the subzero temperatures and appalling conditions of the Klondike. Indeed, the inhuman cold that defe ats London’s protagonist was as much an attribute of the traditional medieval idea of Hell as its notorious qualities of ? re and brimstone. The landscape of London’s revised tale is conspicuously preternatural— â€Å"the mysterious, far-reaching hair-line trail, the absence of sun from the sky, the tremendous cold, and the strangeness and weirdness of it all† (1302).Where Milton’s Hell is characterized by the paradoxical quality of â€Å"darkness visible† (PL 1. 63), London’s comfortless northern world has â€Å"an intangible pall over the face of things, a subtle gloom that made the day dark† (1301). London’s protagonist is an anonymous â€Å"man,† a gold prospector who not only lacks the imagination to survive in the Yukon wasteland, but who is also oblivious to any metaphysical possibilities and unmindful of â€Å"the conjectural ? eld of immortality and man’s place in the universe† (1302).Incapa ble of companionability, the man always travels alone, except for his husky, an animal he treats with contempt and even with hostility. His disdain for the wise counsel that â€Å"the old-timer on Sulphur Creek† (1309) gives him to travel into the northland with a partner is a recurrent reminder to London’s reader of the man’s improvidence, unsociability, and willful self-alienation. London’s own brutal ordeal in the Klondike had taught him the importance of having a trail-mate: when wintering by the Stewart River, London and Fred Thompson, journeying for supplies through the wilderness, had â€Å"backpacked all the way or they pulled heir own sled, for they owned no team of huskies† (Sinclair 48). In the case of the man in London’s narrative, the idea of working alongside or depending upon other creatures means no more to him than the enjoyment of the commodities he associates with them: â€Å"the boys† at the camp, for example, whom the man always keeps in mind throughout the tale, are, to the man, indistinguishable from the material comforts he hopes to gain from â€Å"a ? re† and â€Å"a hot supper† (1302).The marked in? uence of Dante in London’s narrative, a crucial factor in one’s appreciation of the tale which, to the best of my knowledge, has hitherto escaped critical attention, helps to con? rm London’s infernal rendering of the unforgiving Yukon wasteland. In structural terms the story has a repetitive, nightmarish quality as â€Å"the man† makes three desperate ventures to build a ? re that are each time frustrated—? rst, by having the ? e â€Å"blotted out† by an â€Å"avalanche† of snow (1309); second, by having his book of sulphur matches extinguished in one fell swoop (1310–11); and, third, by having â€Å"the nucleus of the little ? re† snuffed out by a â€Å"large piece of green moss† (1311). Lee Clark Mitchell has drawn attention 174 ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews to the ominous, reiterative quality of the tale and to how â€Å"events [ . . . ] repeat themselves into an eerie signi? cance, as the man attempts over and over to enact the story’s titular in? nitive† (78).The man’s predicament recalls the unrelenting fates of transgressors in the classical underworld—of Sisyphus, who pushes a boulder up a hill, only for it to roll down the hill’s other side, or of Tantalus, who fruitlessly reaches out to eat from a branch that is always eluding his grasp. But the man’s thwarted actions also mimic the commitment of Dante’s sinners to both the unending nature of the punishment they must suffer and the experience of their particular sin’s interminable round in each of the nine vicious circles built into the funnel of Dante’s Hell.London underlines the infernal atmosphere of his tale. He is careful, for instance, to identify the old-timer on Sulphur Creek, who warns the man that a traveler should never venture alone into the Klondike in treacherous weather, with that essential feature of Hell, namely Hell’s sulphurate fumes. London further emphasizes this theme by having his antihero build a ? re with â€Å"his bunch of sulphur matches† (1310) that, when lit, emits an evil smell of â€Å"burning brimstone† (1311). On bungling his second desperate attempt to build a ? re, the man not only blunders and sets a? me all of his remaining seventy matches, he also sets alight his own hand, so that the burning of his ? esh by ? re becomes associated with the freezing cold that burns into the core of his being at the story’s climax. The freezing cold that literally chills the man to the bone is as apt a fate as a case of Dantean contrapasso, where the punishment of the sinner is appropriate to the nature of their sin. The man’s ethical insentience, his lac k of a moral and metaphysical compass to direct his choices and regulate his attitude toward others and toward the universe of which he is a part, is re? cted in the deadening numbness that torments and ultimately destroys him. London includes in his narrative one small but revealing detail from Dante’s Inferno that gives the reader a key to unlock the moral of his fable. Because of the intense cold, the beard of London’s nameless protagonist, like the coat of the husky that reluctantly accompanies the man, sports an icy â€Å"appendage† (1303): The frozen moisture of [the husky’s] breathing had settled on its fur in a ? ne powder of frost, and especially were its jowls, muzzle, and eyelashes whitened by its crystalled breath.The man’s red beard and mustache were likewise frosted, but more solidly, the deposit taking the form of ice and increasing with every warm, moist breath he exhaled. Also, the man was chewing tobacco, and the muzzle of ice hel d his lips so rigidly that he was unable to clear his chin when he expelled the juice. The result was that a crystal beard of the color and solidity of amber was increasing its length on his chin. If he fell down Jack London’s â€Å"To Build a Fire (II)† 175 it would shatter itself, like glass, into brittle fragments. But he did not mind the appendage. 1303) This curious â€Å"ice-muzzle on his mouth† (1304) elongates as the man progresses on his journey, so that â€Å"he continued monotonously to chew tobacco and to increase the length of his amber beard† (1304); later still, the â€Å"ice-muzzle† (1306) obstructs his mouth when he attempts to eat his meal. The â€Å"amber beard,† a vivid if admittedly bizarre feature of London’s tale, gathers in signi? cance if we recollect events in the ninth and ? nal circle of Dante’s Inferno. When Dante the pilgrim arrives at Hell’s bottom, he discovers a frozen Lake Cocytus that i s swept by bitter, freezing winds.As Dante ventures toward the heart of Lake Cocytus, where the ? gure of Lucifer weeps, gnashes his teeth, and beats his wings, he eventually arrives at the region of Ptolomea (Inf. 33. 124). In this place he ? nds wretched sinners buried up to their waists in ice: We went farther on, where the frost roughly swathes another people, not bent downwards, but with faces all upturned. The very weeping there prevents their weeping, and the grief, which ? nds a barrier upon their eyes, turns inward to increase the agony, for the ? rst tears form a knot and, like a crystal visor, ? l all the cup beneath the eyebrow. (Inf . 33. 91–99) The â€Å"crystal visor [visiere di cristallo]† (Inf . 33. 98) or â€Å"the hard veils [i duri veli]† (Inf . 33. 112) that form and clamp about the faces of these sinners offer an attractive source for the â€Å"crystal beard† or â€Å"muzzle of ice† that torments the countenance of London†™s antihero. Just as the tears around the faces of Dante’s sinners solidify and accumulate to form visors or veils, so the tobacco spit in the beard of London’s protagonist encrusts, clusters, and builds to form an icemuzzle.London’s ice-muzzle that shatters, â€Å"like glass, into brittle fragments† (1303), also seems to recall Dante’s frozen Lake Cocytus, which has the durability â€Å"of glass [di vetro]† (Inf . 32. 24). In his depiction of the Yukon London gestures further to Dante’s sinners, who are embedded in Lake Cocytus. Just as Dante’s Lake Cocytus is one solid block of ice, so the creek that surrounds the man â€Å"was frozen clear to the bottom, — no creek could contain water in that arctic winter† (1304).Equally, just as Dante’s sinners are trapped in the ice, so various ice pools, covered with â€Å"a snow-hidden ice-skin† (1305), present â€Å"traps† (1304) that are concealed around the surface of the creek. It is through the ice-skin of one of these same traps that the man falls and, like Dante’s â€Å"wretches of the cold crust [tristi de la fredda crosta]† (Inf . 33. 109), the man â€Å"wet[s] himself halfway to the knees before he ? oundered out to the ?rm crust† (1307). 176 ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and ReviewsLondon’s allusion to Dante is all the more pertinent when we consider the nature of the sin for which Dante’s transgressors in Ptolomea are being punished. The inhabitants of Ptolomea are those offenders who have transgressed against their guests, hosts, or companions. London’s critics have acknowledged the man’s hubris as â€Å"an overweening con? dence in the ef? cacy of his own rational faculties and a corresponding blindness to the dark, nonrational powers of nature, chance, and fate† (Labor 63–64). Yet, as with Dante’s sinners con? ed in Ptolome a, the fatal ? aw of London’s antihero is as much his inability to understand the value of companionship or community. In this way the nameless man’s husky acts as a foil to its master. London characterizes the relationship between the man and his dog as that existing between a â€Å"? re-provider† (1309) and a â€Å"toil-slave† (1306), and, as such, he reveals that their union is based upon a ruthless pact of convenience and functionality rather than an accord of mutual love, respect, and sympathy.The â€Å"menacing throat-sounds† (1307) of the man are, to the perceptions of the dog, as â€Å"the sound of whip-lashes† (1307), and the narrative con? rms the dog’s apprehensions in his master’s futile, last ditch effort to destroy man’s best friend and use its very lifeblood and vital warmth in order to save his own skin. London’s account of his protagonist’s failure to be companionate with his dog is a cruci al index to the man’s inability to â€Å"meditate upon his frailty as a creature of temperature, and upon man’s frailty in general† (1302).His cruel treatment of his dog furnishes yet another example of his refusal to perceive his fellow human beings and the natural world surrounding him as more than â€Å"things† stripped bare of their â€Å"signi? cances† (1302). His aversion to companionability, which is equivalent to Dante’s sin of Ptolomea, is further re? ected in his refusal to heed the old-timer’s advice to foster human community and trust to a â€Å"trail-mate† (1309). London’s allusion to both the frozen wastes of Dante’s Ptolomea and the crystal beards of the sinners who reside in that nhospitable climate provides a convincing literary analogue for London’s haunting and gloomy depiction of the Klondike; the intertext also serves to highlight the nature of the tragic ? aw of London’s protago nist in placing his trust in a misguided individualism where â€Å"any man who was a man could travel alone† (1308). It may be the case that in the parallels between Jack London’s severe experience of being buried in the Klondike and Dante’s unforgettable vision of his cardinal sinners, buried in Lake Cocytus, London found a subject that he could not resist treating imaginatively, irrespective of his religious and political standpoint.However, if, as I believe, London’s â€Å"To Build a Fire (II)† can be read as a moral fable of transgression and punishment that is heavily invested in the stuff of spiritual allegory and, in particular, relies upon the design of Dante’s Commedia, then our tidy, traditional understanding of London as a long-standing, dedicated Socialist who was condescending toward, if not scornful of, spiritual and religious matters becomes problematic or, at the very least, open to reassessment. Jack London’s â€Å"T o Build a Fire (II)† 177So that there can be no mistaking the tale’s literary debt to the Florentine master, London’s coda to his narrative contains a strong, though unsettling, allusion to the close of each of Dante’s three canticles. The allusion unsettles, because it bears London’s signature pessimism regarding an unresponsive universe. As, in turn, each canticle ends, Dante the pilgrim gains an increasingly clari? ed and luminous perspective upon the starry universe that proclaims God’s abundant love and His concern for Creation: in Inferno, while emerging from Hell’s pit onto the surface of the Earth, Dante is able to contemplate the ? mament and â€Å"see again the stars [riveder le stelle]† (Inf . 34. 139); in Purgatorio, from the peak of Mount Purgatory Dante is â€Å"pure and ready to rise to the stars [puro e disposto a salire a le stelle]† (Purg. 33. 145); and, in Paradiso, Dante is at long last granted a beati ? c vision of his Maker and is ? lled with wonder â€Å"by the Love which moves the sun and the other stars [l’amor che move il sole e l’altre stelle]† (Parad. 33. 145).In contrast, London’s powerful closing image of the husky, now masterless and â€Å"howling under the stars that leaped and danced and shone brightly in the cold sky† (1315), indicates a more indifferent and uncaring naturalistic universe than the ordered Dantean cosmos where God’s embosoming love moves the sun and the other stars. Perhaps, then, in London’s closing reversion to the bright, dancing stars and the cold sky of an unfeeling universe, James McClintock is correct in his critical judgment that, ultimately, London never truly abandoned his essentially pessimistic worldview in â€Å"To Build a Fire (II)†.Notes I wish to thank my freshman class from the fall semester of 2009 for being a receptive audience to the ideas presented in this paper. Above all, I am grateful to Marek Ignatowicz, a poet and a true man of letters. Without his facility for illuminating discussion on all things literary, and without our memorable conversation on the subject of beards in fact and in ? ction, it is highly probable that the topic of this paper would never have occurred to me. 1 Milton’s Paradise Lost, and in particular the character of Milton’s Satan, is an inspiration to Wolf Larsen in The Sea-Wolf .Larsen remarks of Milton’s fallen archangel: â€Å"But Lucifer was a free spirit. To serve was to suffocate. He preferred suffering in freedom to all the happiness of a comfortable servility. He did not care to serve God. He cared to serve nothing. He was no ? gurehead. He stood on his own legs. He was an individual† (249). Works Cited Dante Alighieri. The Divine Comedy: Inferno. Trans. Charles S. Singleton. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970. Print. ———. The Divine Comedy: Paradiso. Trans. Cha rles S. Singleton.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975. Print. 178 ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews ———. The Divine Comedy: Purgatorio. Trans. Charles S. Singleton. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973. Print. Labor, Earle. Jack London. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1974. Print. London, Jack. The Complete Short Stories of Jack London. Ed. Earle Labor, Robert C. Leitz, III, and I. Milo Shepard. 3 vols. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993. Print. ———. The Sea-Wolf . New York: MacMillan, 1967. Print. McClintock, James I.White Logic: Jack London’s Short Stories. Cedar Springs: Wolf House Books, 1976. Print. Milton, John. The Poetical Works of John Milton. Ed. Helen Darbishire. London: Oxford University Press,1958. Print. Mitchell, Lee Clark. â€Å"‘Keeping His Head’: Repetition and Responsibility in London’s ‘To Build a Fire. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Journal of Modern Lite rature 13. 1 (1986): 76–96. Print. Sinclair, Andrew. Jack: A Biography of Jack London. London: Harper and Row, 1977. Print. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.